高考英语中的主谓一致,其实并不是很难,可是很多童鞋学来学去还是一头雾水,究其原因,小编认为大家还是没有把知识点吃透,没有形成系统化的知识结构,所以,趁着一轮基础复习,努力吃透吧~
一.概念:
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
2、主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4、谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6、与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三、主谓一致的应用
名词作主语
1、某些集体名词,如family,team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:
His family is a happy one.他的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。
The whole family are watching TV.全家人都在看电视。
这类名词有audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等。名词population一词的使用情况类似。
“a group(crowd) of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。
2、某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。
The police are searching for the thief.警察正在搜捕那个贼。
3、单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
如:A sheep is over there.那边有只羊。
Some sheep are over there.那边有些羊。
4、名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。
如:The doctor’s is across the street.诊所在街道的对面。
My uncle’s is not far from here.我叔叔家离这儿不远。
常见的省略名词有the baker’s,the barber’s,the carpenter’s,the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。
如: Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.理查德店有很多货物要卖。
5、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。
如:Three years has passed since then.自从那时到现在,三年已经过去了。
Three years has passed since then.自从那时到现在,三年已经过去了。
6、不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如:Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.孩子们都想去看电影。
7、如果主语有more than one...或many a...构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如:More than one student has read the book. 很多学生读过这本书。
但是,“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
如:More members than one are against your plan. 许多成员反对你的计划。
8、一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。
如:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of,a pair of ,a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如:A pair of shoes was on the desk.桌子上有一双鞋。
9、this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数,men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:This kind of men is dangerous.这一种人很危险。
Men of this kind are dangerous.这种类型的人很危险。
10、复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),Chinese,Japanese等。
如: The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. 这家玻璃厂建于1980年。
The(These)glass works are near the railway station.这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。
当它们前面有a,such a ,this,that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数;但means,no means,the means等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。
11、如果名词词组中心词是all,most,half,rest等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。
如:All of my classmates like music.我的同学都喜欢音乐。
All of the water is gone.所有的水都没了。
12、在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.两窗户间挂着一幅画。
由连接词连接的名词作主语
1、用and或both...and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。
如: Plastics and rubber never rot.橡胶和塑料永不腐烂。
Walking and riding are good exercises.散步和骑车是很好的运动。
但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
如:To love and to be loved is great happiness.爱与被爱是种幸福。
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起是种好习惯。
A knife and fork is on the table.桌子上有副刀叉。
2、当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数据这些词前面的主语而定。
如:The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library. 老师和学生都在图书馆里看书。
3、以or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。
如:Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.汤姆和哥哥们在房间里等着。
代词作主语
1、名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。
如:Ours (Our Party) is a great party.我们的党是个伟大的党。
2、such,the same起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
如:Such is our plan.那就是我们的计划。
Such are his words.那就是他的话。
3、关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
如:
Those who want to go please put up your hands.想去的请举手。
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。
4、疑问代词who,what,which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。
如:Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.谁住在隔壁?是小刘。
What produce(s) heat? 什么产生热量?
5、不定代词any,either,neither,none,all,some,more等作主语时,有以下两种情况: 单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式。
例如: Now all has been changed.现在一切都改变了。
All are present.所有人都到场了。
either,neither单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。
如:Do(es) any of you know his address? 你们当中有谁知道他的地址吗?
None of them has (have) seen the film.他们当中没人看过这部电影。
分数、量词作主语
1、“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。
如:About threefourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.地球的四分之三被水覆盖。
Threefifths of the workers here are women.这个地方五分之三的工人是妇女。
和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”,但是“the number of+名词”的中心词却是number,试比较:A number of students have gone home.许多学生都回家了。
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.这本书中的页码是二百。
注意:(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数, Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.大量的食物在桌子上。
短语in quantity,in large quantities意为“大量”;in small quantities意为“少量”。
2、a great deal of ,a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
如:Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.大量的钱花在了这座桥上。
3、表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:One and a half bananas is left on the table.桌子上有一个半香蕉。
4、half of,(a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。
5、名词化的形容词作主语
如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数,这类词有the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed等;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。
如:The blind study in special schools.盲人在特殊的学校学习。
6、从句作主语
1由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式
如:What we need is more time.我们所需要的是更多的时间。
What we need are doctors.我们所需要的是医生。
2、在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此,从句中的动词应该是复数形式。
如:
This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told. 这是讲过的最有趣的故事之一。
但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是one,而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应是单数形式。
如:She was the only one of the girls who was late.她是惟一一位迟到的女生。
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